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Sleep apnea is a common but potentially serious breathing-related condition in which there are recurrent episodes of upper airway obstruction or partial collapse during sleep. While sleep apnea is more commonly associated with adults, a growing number of children are also being diagnosed with the condition. If left untreated, sleep apnea in kids can lead to short- and long-term negative health outcomes. Early recognition of symptoms, a thorough evaluation and the delivery of appropriate treatment are, therefore, pivotal to optimising the wellbeing of children suffering from the condition.

Signs of Sleep Apnea in Kids

Parents and caregivers should be aware of the following symptoms of sleep apnea in kids: snoring, gasping, snorting, or choking; frequent awakenings during the night; pauses or interruptions in breathing while the child sleeps; laboured or noisy breathing and restlessness while the child sleeps; chronic congestion; allergy-like symptoms or mouth breathing.

Evaluation and Diagnosis of Sleep Apnea in Kids

If parents suspect their child may have sleep apnea, they should consult a paediatrician. A proper evaluation and diagnosis of the condition involves a detailed medical history, physical examination, and sleep study (often referred to as a “polysomnography”).

This type of test provides an array of information about the child’s sleep patterns, including: breathing pattern, oxygen levels, heart rate, muscle activity, and eye movements. To capture this information, small sensors will be placed on the child’s body and connected to a recording device. The test is conducted overnight, so the child must stay in the clinic where the test is conducted so that the readings can be accurately captured during sleep.

Treatment Options for Children with Sleep Apnea

The ultimate goal of treatment for sleep apnea in kids is to open the airway and improve airflow during sleep. There are a variety of treatment options available, and the most appropriate one for each child will depend on several factors, including the severity of the condition, the child’s age, and the cause of the sleep apnea.

The most conservative treatment for mild cases of sleep apnea is the removal of adenoids or tonsils (referred to as “adenotonsillectomy”). This is often the most commonly performed surgical procedure for children with sleep apnea and can be very effective.

For moderate to severe cases of sleep apnea, Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) therapy may be the most appropriate treatment. During CPAP therapy, the child wears a mask that delivers a continuous supply of air through the nasal passages and into the airway to keep it open.

Finally, for children who have severe or untreated sleep apnea, additional interventions may be required. For example, an oral appliance can be worn at night to keep the airway properly positioned. In some cases, more invasive surgical procedures may be necessary, such as a midface or maxillofacial advancement which repositions the jaw to open the airway.

Preventing and Managing Sleep Apnea in Kids

Preventative measures and proper management of sleep apnea in kids can significantly decrease the risk of long-term health complications. Parents can help children manage their condition by:

* Establish a consistent bedtime routine and limit the use of stimulating activities before bed (e.g., television, videogames, computers)

* Monitor and manage the child’s weight, as obesity has been shown to be a risk factor for sleep apnea

* Consult a paediatrician if nutritional deficiencies, allergies or other medical issues are suspected

Conclusion

Sleep apnea is an increasingly common condition among children that presents a variety of symptoms and can have a dramatic impact on a child’s physical and emotional health. Fortunately, an accurate diagnosis and the right treatment plan can improve a child’s sleep quality and overall wellbeing. It is important for caregivers and parents to be aware of the common signs of sleep apnea and to consult a paediatrician for an evaluation if they have any concerns about their child’s sleep quality.